Informatics Publishing Limited

R. D. Dubey ¹, A. R. Ahmad ¹, S. Paroha ¹, P. K. Sahu ¹, S. Verma ¹, S. J. Daharwal ¹, S. L. N. Prasad Reddy ², M. S. Qureshi ³

Affiliations
1 Institute of Pharmacy, RITEE, Chhatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IN
2 Samskruti College of Pharmacy, Kondapur, Ghatkesar, RR Dist., Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN
3 Anwarul Uloom College of Pharmacy, New Mallepally, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Anticancer or antineoplastic drugs are used to treat malignancies. Drug therapy may be used alone or in combination with other treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy. The available anticancer drugs have distinct mechanisms of action which may vary in their effects on different types of normal and cancer cells. A single cure for cancer has proved elusive since there is not a single type of cancer but as many as 100 different types of cancer. In addition, there are very few demonstrable biochemical differences between cancerous cells and normal cells. For this reason the effectiveness of many anticancer drugs is limited by their toxicity to normal rapidly growing cells. A final problem is that cancerous cells which are initially suppressed by a specific drug may develop a resistance to that drug. For this reason cancer chemotherapy may consist of using several drugs in combination for varying lengths of time.

Keywords

Antineoplastic, Malignancies, Therapy, Toxicity.

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R. D. Dubey ¹, A. R. Ahmad ¹, S. Paroha ², R. K. Gupta ³, P. K. Sahu ¹, S. Verma ¹, S. J. Daharwal ¹, S. L. N. Prasad Reddy ⁴

Affiliations
1 Institute of Pharmacy, RITEE, Chhatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IN
2 Siddhi Vinayaka Institute of Technical Sciences, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, IN
3 J. K. College of Pharmacy, Gatora, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, IN
4 Samskruti College of Pharmacy, Kondapur, Ghatkesar, RR Dist, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique for the determination of the elemental composition of a sample or molecule. It is also used for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measurement of their mass-to-charge ratios. There are different types of the Mass spectroscopy encluded in this review like AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry), Gas Chromatography-MS, Liquid Chromatography-MS, ICPMS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass spectrometry ), IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry), Ion Mobility Spectrometry-MS, MALDI-TOF, SELDITOF, Tandem MS, TIMS (Thermal Ionization-Mass Spectrometry), SSMS (Spark Source Mass Spectrometry). The application of Mass spectroscopy are Isotope ratio MS: isotope dating and tracking, trace gas analysis, atom probe, pharmacokinetics, protein characterization, space exploration, respired gas monitor. In this rewiew we try to describe the type, principle, methodology and application of Mass Spectroscopy.

Keywords

Mass Spectroscopy, Analytical Technique, Chemical Structure, Chromatography.

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R. D. Dubey ¹, S. Paroha ¹, V. K. Wani ¹, A. K. Pandey ¹, P. K. Sahu ¹, S. Verma ¹, S. J. Daharwal ¹

Affiliations
1 Institute of Pharmacy, RITEE, Chhatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492101, IN

Abstract

Aqueous extracts of bulb of Allium sativum and bark of Ficus religiosa were taken for anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworm Pheritima posthuma. Three concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg/ml) of each extracts were studied in activity, which involved the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worm. Piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml) was used as a reference standard. Dose dependent activity was observed in both plant extracts but Allium sativum shows more activity as compared to Ficus religiosa. It was concluded that the studied plants had anthelmintic activity. Therefore, in vivo trials may be conducted for further evidence for their use in animals on scientific basis.

Keywords

Anthelmintic Activity, Pheritima posthuma, Aqueous Extracts, Allium sativum, Ficus religiosa.

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R. D. Dubey ¹, G. Chandraker ¹, P. K. Sahu ¹, S. Paroha ², D. K. Sahu ¹, S. Verma ¹, S. J. Daharwal ¹, S. L. N. Prasad Reddy ³

Affiliations
1 Institute of Pharmacy, RITEE, Chhatauna, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IN
2 Siddhi Vinayaka Institute of Technical Sciences, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, IN
3 Samskruti College of Pharmacy, Kondapur, Ghatkesar, RR Dist, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Drug design is an iterative process which begins with a compound that displays an interesting biological profile and ends with optimizing both the activity profile for the molecule and its chemical synthesis. The process is initiated when the chemist conceives a hypothesis which relates the chemical features of the molecule (or series of molecules) to the biological activity. Without a detailed understanding of the biochemical process which is not responsible for activity, the hypothesis generally is refined by examining structural similarities and differences for active and inactive molecules. Two distinct approaches are possible in the area of computer-aided drug design. First one is when the molecular structure of the target macromolecule is known the methods are obvious and direct and have achieved a high level of sophistication and second one is when the molecular structure of the target molecule is not known that is indirect drug design.

Keywords

Drug Design, Activity, Target, Biological Profile.

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